Examining the Dimensions and Psychological Functions of Patience (Ṣabr) in Nahj al-Balāghah

Nahj al-Balāghah, as one of the richest religious-ethical texts, contains valuable teachings on the dimensions and psychological functions of patience (ṣabr). A comparative examination with contemporary psychology—particularly on patience's psychological functions—strengthens the link between religious knowledge and modern human sciences. This study investigates these dimensions as an effective mechanism for emotional regulation and mental health. Using content analysis, it extracts and analyzes sermons, letters, and aphorisms, examining patience as a key factor in mental health and behavioral guidance. Findings show that patience in Nahj al-Balāghah has multiple psychological dimensions—resilience, self-regulation, hopefulness, spirituality, and social interactions—each serving specific functions in mental health, emotional management, social relations, and spiritual growth. These teachings on managing anger, despair, and anxiety across personal, social, political, devotional, and spiritual domains align with contemporary psychology and emphasize controlling emotional reactions and directing behavior rightly. Beyond promoting mental health, patience also carries educational and moral functions in Imam ʿAlī's (AS) teachings. The study concludes that patience in Nahj al-Balāghah encompasses diverse psychological dimensions with specific mental health roles, offering a theoretical-practical framework for positive psychology and religious counseling.